The changes helping F1's second most-improved team shine

With many expecting the Grove-based outfit to be pegged to the back of the field after a low-key pre-season test in Bahrain, the squad has impressed greatly and made a good step forward since last season.

Williams' head of vehicle performance Dave Robson said much of the progress had come from work specifically addressing areas where it thought it had underperformed in 2022 with its FW44.

Asked by Autosport whether the team was surprised to be the second biggest gainer year-on-year, he said: "Obviously, I can't speak for everyone else, but I think we've made good progress because we knew when the FW44 came out that it had some particular weaknesses.

"Throughout last year and into this year, we've worked on those, and I think they probably yielded a reasonable step up in performance.

"I think we did see quite a lot of it on FW44, and it was obviously quite poor at the start of the year, but it did get better. And I think we managed to take another step at the start of this year."

As well as the work undertaken throughout 2022 and the winter on the FW45, Williams has kept up a decent upgrade push, which helped yield a particularly strong showing in pace terms in Australia last weekend.

One of the updates was very track specific, while the others form part of its ongoing development plan.

Williams FW45 front wing comparison

Photo by: Uncredited

Three races in and Williams's three front wing flap solutions in, with the team exchanging the upper elements at each race in order to find the right balance for the FW45 at each of the venues it has visited.

It's a subtle change that has been made at each race, but this is obviously enough to trim the car against the decisions made at the rear in terms of downforce levels, with the team having a number of options in its suite already.

According to the team, the latest flap configuration (bottom) sits midships between what was used in Bahrain (top) and Saudi Arabia (middle), while there was also the option for it to be run with a Gurney flap, or without.

The main difference is the upper flap's height at the inboard end, while the camber of the wing is likely also different across the flap's span too.

Williams FW45 rear wing endplate upwash strike

Photo by: Uncredited

Meanwhile, at the rear of the car, the team introduced a feature we've already seen deployed by both Aston Martin and Alpine this season, as it added a blister to the lower portion of the rear wing endplate that creates a swage line.

Acting like the upwash strikes of previous regulations, this swage line will improve flow around the rear wing assembly, brake duct and rear tyre to enhance the downforce being generated locally.

Williams FW45 single element beam wing

Photo by: Uncredited

Williams also opted to run just the single beam wing element in Melbourne, as a means to offset the downforce and drag being generated.

This is a similar tactic we've seen Red Bull employ throughout the course of these new regulations.

Williams FW45 brakes caliper Yellow

Photo by: Giorgio Piola

Williams is also in the same camp as Red Bull and Aston Martin when it comes to the design of its front brake caliper this season, with the tube fin design seen on its rivals' cars also present on the FW45.

It has fewer of these fins on its caliper, with it distributed front and rear of the assembly.